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creating problems

  • 1 creating problems

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > creating problems

  • 2 creating problems

    English-Russian military dictionary > creating problems

  • 3 creating problems

    English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > creating problems

  • 4 creating

    создающий; создание

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > creating

  • 5 creation

    noun
    1) no pl. (act of creating) Schaffung, die; (of the world) Erschaffung, die; Schöpfung, die (geh.)
    2) no pl. (all created things) Schöpfung, die
    3) (Fashion) Kreation, die
    * * *
    1) (the act of creating: the creation of the world.) die Erschaffung
    2) (something created: The dress designer is showing his latest creations.) die Schöpfung
    * * *
    crea·tion
    [kriˈeɪʃən]
    n
    1. no pl (making) [Er]schaffung f; (founding) Gründung f
    job/wealth \creation Schaffung f neuer Jobs/von Wohlstand
    \creation of money Geldschöpfung f
    \creation of wealth Vermögensbildung f
    2. (product) Produkt nt, Erzeugnis nt; FASHION Kreation f; (of arts also) Werk nt
    the \creation of a diseased mind das Produkt eines kranken Gehirns
    the latest \creations from Paris die neuesten Kreationen aus Paris
    ▪ the C\creation die Schöpfung
    4. no pl (the world) die Welt [o Schöpfung]
    the wonders of \creation die Wunder der Schöpfung [o des Lebens]
    * * *
    [kriː'eISən]
    n
    1) no pl (= bringing into existence) Schaffung f; (of new style, fashion also) Kreation f; (of the world, man) Erschaffung f; (of draught, noise, fuss) Verursachung f; (of problems, by person) Schaffen nt; (by action, event) Verursachung f
    2) no pl (= appointment of peer) Erhebung f, Ernennung f
    3) no pl

    all creation, the whole of creation — die Schöpfung, alle Kreatur f, alle Geschöpfe pl

    4) (= created object ART) Werk nt; (FASHION) Kreation f
    * * *
    creation [kriːˈeıʃn; krı-] s
    1. (Er)Schaffung f
    2. Erzeugung f, Hervorbringung f
    3. the Creation REL die Schöpfung, die Erschaffung (der Welt)
    4. a) Schöpfung f, Welt f:
    the whole creation alle Geschöpfe, die ganze Schöpfung oder Welt; → academic.ru/43825/lord">lord A 1
    b) Geschöpf n, Kreatur f
    5. Verursachung f
    6. WIRTSCH, JUR
    a) Gründung f, Errichtung f
    b) Begründung f
    c) Bestellung f
    d) Schöpfung f:
    creation of credit Kreditschöpfung
    7. THEAT etc, Mode: Kreierung f
    8. (Kunst-, Mode)Schöpfung f, (KUNST auch) Werk n, (Mode auch) Kreation f
    9. Ernennung f:
    an earl of recent creation ein neu ernannter Graf
    * * *
    noun
    1) no pl. (act of creating) Schaffung, die; (of the world) Erschaffung, die; Schöpfung, die (geh.)
    2) no pl. (all created things) Schöpfung, die
    3) (Fashion) Kreation, die
    * * *
    n.
    Bildung -en f.
    Erzeugung f.
    Generierung f.
    Herstellung f.
    Schöpfung f.

    English-german dictionary > creation

  • 6 making

    1. n создание, становление

    making room — создающий место; создание места

    2. n производство, изготовление; процесс изготовления, фабрикация; переработка
    3. n количество изготовленного, произведённого
    4. n форма, сложение, строение
    5. n задатки, необходимые качества

    to have the makings of a great man — иметь все данные, чтобы стать великим человеком

    6. n разг. заработок
    7. n амер. разг. принадлежности для свёртывания сигарет
    8. n как компонент сложных слов

    shoemaking — сапожное дело, ремесло сапожника

    army was the making of him — в армии он стал человеком, армия сделала из него человека

    how is he making out? — как он живёт?, как у него идут дела?

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. creating (adj.) building; creating; fabricating; fashioning; forming; generating; manufacturing; producing; shaping
    2. fabrication (noun) composition; conception; devising; fabrication; fashioning; forging; formulation; producing; shaping
    3. clearing (verb) cleaning up; clearing; gaining; netting
    4. constituting (verb) composing; comprising; constituting; forming; make up; making up
    5. designating (verb) appointing; designating; fingering; naming; nominating; tapping
    6. drafting (verb) drafting; drawing up; formulating; framing
    7. earning (verb) acquiring; bringing in; draw down; drawing down; earning; knocking down; pull down; winning
    8. effecting (verb) bring about; bringing about; causing; drawing on; effecting; effectuating; engendering; inducing; lead to; occasioning; producing; result in; securing
    9. establishing (verb) enacting; establishing; legislating
    10. fathering (verb) creating; fathering; generating; hatching; originating; parenting; procreating; siring; spawning
    11. forcing (verb) coercing; compelling; constraining; forcing; obliging; pressuring; shotgunning
    12. heading (verb) bearing; heading; lighting out; set out; setting out; strike out; striking out; taking off
    13. inferring (verb) collecting; concluding; deducing; deducting; deriving; drawing; gathering; inferring; judging; making out
    14. passing (verb) covering; passing; traversing
    15. preparing (verb) fitting; fixing; getting; preparing; readying
    16. running (verb) extending; going; reaching; running; stretching
    17. shaping (verb) assembling; building; constructing; erecting; fabricating; fashioning; forging; manufacturing; molding; moulding; put together; putting together; shaping

    English-Russian base dictionary > making

  • 7 Blumlein, Alan Dower

    [br]
    b. 29 June 1903 Hampstead, London, England
    d. 7 June 1942
    [br]
    English electronics engineer, developer of telephone equipment, highly linear electromechanical recording and reproduction equipment, stereo techniques, video and radar technology.
    [br]
    He was a very bright scholar and received a BSc in electrical technology from City and Guilds College in 1923. He joined International Western Electric (later to become Standard Telephone and Cables) in 1924 after a period as an instructor/demonstrator at City and Guilds. He was instrumental in the design of telephone measuring equipment and in international committee work for standards for long-distance telephony.
    From 1929 Blumlein was employed by the Columbia Graphophone Company to develop an electric recording cutterhead that would be independent of Western Electric's patents for the system developed by Maxfield and Harrison. He attacked the problems in a most systematic fashion, and within a year he had developed a moving-coil cutterhead that was much more linear than the iron-cored systems known at the time. Eventually Blumlein designed a complete line of recording equipment, from microphone and through-power amplifiers. The design was used by Columbia; after the merger with the Gramophone Company in 1931 to form Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd (later known as EMI) it became the company standard, certainly for coarse-groove records, until c.1950.
    Blumlein became interested in stereophony (binaural sound), and developed and demonstrated a complete line of equipment, from correctly placed microphones via two-channel records and stereo pick-ups to correctly placed loudspeakers. The advent of silent surfaces of vinyl records made this approach commercial from the late 1950s. His approach was independent and quite different from that of A.C. Keller.
    His extreme facility for creating innovative solutions to electronic problems was used in EMI's development from 1934 to 1938 of the electronic television system, which became the BBC standard of 405 lines after the Second World War, when television broadcasting again became possible. Independent of official requirements, EMI developed a 60 MHz radar system and Blumlein was involved in the development of a centimetric radar and display system. It was during testing of this aircraft mounted equipment that he was killed in a crash.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Blumlein was inventor or co-inventor of well over 120 patents, a complete list of which is to be found in Burns (1992; see below). The major sound-recording achievements are documented by British patent nos. 350,954, 350,998, 363,627 (highly linear cutterhead, 1930) and 394,325 (reads like a textbook on stereo technology, 1931).
    Further Reading
    The definitive biography of Blumlein has not yet been written; the material seems to have been collected, but is not yet available. However, R.W.Burns, 1992, "A.D.Blumlein, engineer extraordinary", Engineering Science and Education Journal (February): 19– 33 is a thorough account. Also B.J.Benzimra, 1967, "A.D. Blumlein: an electronics genius", Electronics \& Power (June): 218–24 provides an interesting summary.
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Blumlein, Alan Dower

  • 8 crone

    N
    1. बूढ़ी\croneऔरत
    She is an ugly old woman,creating lots of problems.

    English-Hindi dictionary > crone

  • 9 logging

    N
    1. कटाई\{वृक्षों की\}
    Logging on a large scale is creating environmental problems.

    English-Hindi dictionary > logging

  • 10 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

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